General Knowledge — Chapter 11
Treaties, Agreements & Summits — The Peace Settlements, Alliances and Summit Hosts Papers Keep Asking
Why this chapter matters: this is the chapter the audit found missing — treaties were scattered across GK-01, GK-03 and GK-04, and nowhere taught as a topic of their own, yet the banks ask them as a topic of their own. The script count for this chapter is 223 unique stems across 96 distinct files (225 rows including duplicates, over 589 files / 56,671 questions in total): the family clears the 🔁 test many times over, and 23 of those stems carry 2024–2026 filename years, so it is ⭐ as well — examiners are still asking it, right now, in exactly the name-year-parties form this chapter drills. The CSS-MPT 2027 focus set on treaties and summits contributes 81 of the 223 (its other 17 items are current-affairs summit topics, served from the Current Affairs month files and not counted here); the remaining 142 come from ordinary PPSC/FPSC papers, so this is not a practice-set artefact — it is a paper topic. Learn the master table in Section 10 by heart, and the treaty question stops being a guess between four similar names. Cross-links, not duplicates: Versailles and the world wars are taught in full in GK-04, the organisations founded by these treaties in GK-03, the Pakistan-movement context in PS-05/PS-11, and the 2026 summits in the Current Affairs month files — this chapter is the treaty-name drill that sits across them.
Exam Trend box
- 🔁 Most repeated in this chapter: the treaty family as a whole (223 unique stems, 96 files); the Indus Waters Treaty (western rivers, World Bank, 1960); the WWI settlement family (Versailles, Sèvres, Lausanne); the NATO/Warsaw Pact pair; the NPT purpose question.
- ⭐ Must know: the family as a whole (23 stems in 2024–2026 papers); Indus Waters Treaty 1960, Tashkent 1966 and Simla 1972 in PPSC 2026 papers; Treaty of Amritsar 1846 (75 lakh) in PPSC 2026; NPT purpose in PPSC 2024 and 2026; Montreal Protocol 1987 and CITES in PPSC 2025.
- 🆕 Newly appeared: the 2025 summit year as a dated, themed set (Section 9A retrospective table — origin year 2025 marked; no 🔁/⭐ claimed for the table itself, one year only) the 2025 ceasefires & peace deals as a dated set (Section 9B retrospective table — origin year 2025 marked; no 🔁/⭐ claimed for the table itself, one year only) and the 2025 agreements & pacts as a dated, named set (Section 9C retrospective table — origin year 2025 marked; no 🔁/⭐ claimed for the table itself, one year only). The CSS-MPT 2027 focus set is a forward-looking practice set, not a 2025–2026 exam-paper cluster, so it is counted as bank evidence for 🔁 but never presented as a 🆕 trend. Summit hosts for 2024–2025 are current-affairs material, refreshed in the CA month files, not a GK 🆕 mark beyond Section 9A.
1. How to answer a treaty question (read this first)
Almost every treaty question in one-paper exams is one of four questions, and the verb tells you which answer it wants:
- “Ended which war?” → the war that came before the treaty. Versailles → WWI; Paris (1947) → WWII for the Axis satellites; Westphalia → Thirty Years’ War; Vienna (1815) → Napoleonic Wars.
- “Signed between which parties?” → the two (or more) signatories, not the mediator. Camp David → Egypt and Israel (Carter mediated, he did not sign as a party); Oslo → Israel and the PLO (Norway mediated).
- “Signed in which year / came into force in which year?” → two different years, and papers test the split deliberately. Maastricht: signed 1992, in force 1993. Lisbon: signed 2007, in force 2009. NPT: signed/opened 1968, in force 1970 — the banks key the 1968 signing year.
- “Established / created what?” → the institution the treaty founded. Rome (1957) → EEC; Maastricht → EU; North Atlantic Treaty (1949) → NATO; Treaty of Brussels (1948) → the Western Union that was NATO’s precursor, not NATO itself (see Traps).
A treaty, an accord, a pact and a conference are not interchangeable in the banks’ wording: a treaty is the signed instrument (Versailles, Lausanne); a pact is usually an alliance instrument (Pact of Steel, Warsaw Pact, Baghdad Pact); an accord is a framework that may need a later treaty (Camp David Accords 1978 → Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty 1979); a conference produces decisions that may or may not become a treaty (Yalta and Potsdam 1945 were conferences; San Francisco 1945 was the conference that founded the UN). If the stem says “conference”, do not answer with a treaty name unless the bank keys it that way.
2. The great peace settlements — the chronological spine
Learn this table in order. Every row is a bank answer; the “papers ask” column is the phrasing the banks actually use.
| Treaty (year) | Parties / subject | What it did — the bank answer |
|---|---|---|
| Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) 🔁 | Spain and Portugal | Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal |
| Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ⭐ | Thirty Years’ War settlement | Ended the Thirty Years’ War (PPSC 2025 paper keys 1648) |
| Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | War of the Spanish Succession | Ended the War of the Spanish Succession |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Seven Years’ War | Ended the Seven Years’ War |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | American War of Independence | Ended the American War of Independence |
| Treaty of Sugauli (1815) | British East India Company and Nepal | EIC–Nepal settlement |
| Treaty of Vienna (1815) | Napoleonic Wars | Restored the balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars |
| Treaty of London (1839) | Belgium | Guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium |
| Treaty of Amritsar (1846) ⭐ | British Government and Raja Gulab Singh | Kashmir purchased for 75 lakh rupees (Rs 7.5 million — PPSC 2026 paper) |
| Treaty of Lahore (1846) | First Anglo–Sikh War | Followed the First Anglo–Sikh War |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) | Mexican–American War | Ended the Mexican–American War |
| Treaty of Paris (1856) | Crimean War | Ended the Crimean War |
| Treaty of San Stefano (1878) | Russo–Turkish War | Ended the Russo–Turkish War |
| Treaty of Gandamak (1879) | Britain and Afghanistan | Britain–Afghanistan settlement of the Second Anglo–Afghan War period |
| Berlin Conference (1884–85) | Partition of Africa | Not a treaty: the conference that partitioned Africa among European powers |
| Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) | Russo–Japanese War | Ended the Russo–Japanese War; mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt |
| Treaty of London (1915) | Italy and the Allies | Brought Italy into WWI (secret treaty) |
| Sykes-Picot Agreement (May 1916) ⭐ | Britain and France (Middle East) | Secret wartime division of the Ottoman Middle East (PPSC 2025 paper keys May 1916) |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) | Germany and Soviet Russia | Germany–Soviet Russia peace on the Eastern Front |
| Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919) | Third Anglo–Afghan War | Ended the Third Anglo–Afghan War |
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) 🔁 | WWI settlement | Ended WWI; signed 28 June 1919 (full story in GK-04) |
| Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) | Austria after WWI | Dealt with Austria after WWI |
| Treaty of Neuilly (1919) | Bulgaria after WWI | Punished Bulgaria after WWI |
| Treaty of Trianon (1920) | Hungary after WWI | Punished Hungary after WWI |
| Treaty of Sèvres (1920) ⭐ | Ottoman Empire | Dealt with the partition of the Ottoman Empire (PPSC 2025 paper: “In 1920, which treaty was signed?” → Sèvres) |
| Treaty of Rapallo (1922) | Germany and Soviet Russia | Germany–Soviet Russia agreement |
| Treaty of Lausanne (1923) | Republic of Turkey | Recognised the Republic of Turkey; replaced Sèvres |
| Treaty of Locarno (1925) | Western Europe | Guaranteed the borders of Western Europe (Germany, France, Belgium) |
| Treaty of Paris (1947) | WWII Axis satellites | Ended WWII for Italy, Romania, Hungary and the other Axis satellites |
| Treaty of San Francisco (1951) | Japan | Japan’s post–WWII peace settlement |
| Taif Agreement (1989) | Lebanon | Ended the civil war in Lebanon |
| Dayton Peace Agreement (1995) | Bosnian War | Ended the Bosnian War |
| Good Friday Agreement (1998) | Northern Ireland | Ended conflict in Northern Ireland |
| Minsk Agreement (2015) | Ukraine–Russia conflict | Related to the Ukraine–Russia conflict |
Two rows need their full bank wording, because papers ask them as pairs: Sèvres was replaced by Lausanne — if a stem asks “Sèvres (1920) was replaced later by which treaty?”, the answer is Lausanne (1923), not Versailles. And Versailles (1919) vs the Armistice (11 November 1918) — the war ended with the Armistice; the peace was signed at Versailles (GK-04, Traps).
3. European integration — Rome to Lisbon
This is the one treaty family where papers ask both years for the same treaty. Learn it as a ladder, not as isolated facts.
- Treaty of Rome (1957) 🔁 — established the European Economic Community (EEC). The banks ask “The Treaty of Rome (1957) established what?” → EEC. Full organisation story in GK-03.
- Treaty of Nice (2001) — focused on EU enlargement and voting reforms. The banks ask the function, not a founding claim: Nice reformed the institutions so the EU could enlarge.
- Maastricht Treaty (1992) ⭐ — created the European Union (EU). Signed 7 February 1992 in Maastricht; entered into force 1 November 1993. GK-03 already teaches the split: if the stem says “signed”, answer 1992; if it says “established / came into force”, the banks’ key is 1993. The bank stem in this chapter’s count keys it as “The Treaty on European Union was signed at which place?” → Maastricht (1992).
- Treaty of Lisbon (2007) — reformed EU institutions. Signed 13 December 2007; entered into force 1 December 2009. The banks ask “The Treaty of Lisbon came into force in which year?” → 2009, and “The Lisbon Treaty (2007) reformed what?” → EU institutions. Do not answer 2007 to an “in force” stem.
The ladder in one line: Rome 1957 (EEC) → Maastricht 1992/1993 (EU) → Nice 2001 (enlargement reforms) → Lisbon 2007/2009 (institutions reformed).
4. WWII & Cold War alliances — the pact family
Papers ask this family as “which countries?” and “formed for what purpose?” — memorise the membership lists, not just the names.
- Pact of Steel (1939) 🔁 — an alliance between Germany and Italy.
- Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939) — a non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR.
- Atlantic Charter (1941) — declared the Allied peace aims in WWII (not a treaty; a joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill).
- Yalta Conference (1945) — attended by Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.
- Potsdam Conference (1945) — discussed the post–WWII reconstruction of Germany.
- San Francisco Conference (1945) — resulted in the formation of the United Nations (the UN Charter was signed there; the organisation story is in GK-03).
- Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1947) — established an Inter-American mutual defence pact (the Rio Treaty / TIAR).
- Treaty of ANZUS (1951) — an alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the USA.
- SEATO (1954) — created as a defence alliance in Southeast Asia.
- CENTO (1955) — included Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and the UK (the Baghdad Pact renamed; see Section 7).
- Treaty of Brussels (1948) — formed the basis for NATO in the banks’ phrasing: it created the Western Union, NATO’s precursor. The NATO-founding instrument itself is the next row — do not merge them.
- North Atlantic Treaty (1949) 🔁 — established NATO. Signed in Washington, 4 April 1949 (GK-03). Papers pair it with its counter-bloc:
- Warsaw Pact (1955–1991) 🔁 — formed by the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries to counter NATO; dissolved in 1991. The banks ask “To counter NATO the Soviet bloc signed the defence pact named as…” → Warsaw Pact, and “The Warsaw Pact was dissolved in which year?” → 1991.
5. Middle East peace — four settlements, one order
Papers ask these four in chronological order, and they test the mediator separately from the parties. Learn them as a chain:
| Settlement | Parties | Mediator / note | Result the banks key |
|---|---|---|---|
| Camp David Accords (1978) 🔁 | Egypt and Israel | U.S. President Jimmy Carter mediated | Egypt recognised Israel; Israel withdrew from Sinai |
| Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (1979) | Egypt and Israel | Followed Camp David | The treaty the Camp David Framework led to (banks ask: “Camp David Framework (1978) led to which treaty?” → Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, 1979) |
| Oslo Accords (1993) | Israel and Palestine (PLO) | Norway mediated | Israel–PLO framework |
| Wadi Araba Treaty (1994) | Jordan and Israel | — | Jordan–Israel peace treaty |
| Abraham Accords (2020) 🔁 | Israel, the UAE, and Bahrain | Brokered by the United States (Donald Trump administration); signing ceremony at the White House, Washington, D.C. | First Arab country to normalise under the Accords: UAE; second: Bahrain; afterwards Israel also normalised relations with Sudan and Morocco |
Trap inside this section: the Abraham Accords question “which was the first Arab country?” is UAE, not Bahrain — Bahrain is second. And Camp David’s mediator (Carter) is not a party: a stem asking “signed between which countries?” wants Egypt and Israel only.
6. Asia & the wider world — the regional set
- Treaty of Amritsar (1846) ⭐ — British Government and Raja Gulab Singh; Kashmir purchased for 75 lakh rupees (bank spellings: “75 lakh rupees” / “Rs 7.5 million” — same figure). PPSC Sergeant PERA 2026 paper.
- Treaty of Lahore (1846) — followed the First Anglo–Sikh War.
- Treaty of Sugauli (1815) — British East India Company and Nepal.
- Treaty of Gandamak (1879) — Britain and Afghanistan.
- Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919) — ended the Third Anglo–Afghan War.
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) — ended the Russo–Japanese War; mediated by Theodore Roosevelt (the banks ask the mediator as a separate stem from the war stem — learn both).
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) — Germany and Soviet Russia.
- Treaty of San Francisco (1951) — Japan’s post–WWII peace settlement.
- Treaty of Paris (1783) — ended the American War of Independence; Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the Seven Years’ War; Treaty of Paris (1856) ended the Crimean War; Treaty of Paris (1947) ended WWII for the Axis satellites — four different Parises, see Traps.
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) — ended the Mexican–American War.
- Algiers Agreement (1975) — settled a border dispute between Iran and Iraq (the Shatt al-Arab settlement).
- Doha Agreement (2020) — signed between the USA and the Taliban (the Afghanistan peace deal, 29 February 2020).
- Sykes-Picot Agreement (May 1916) ⭐ — the secret Britain–France division of the Ottoman Middle East (PPSC 2025 paper).
Islamic-history cross-link (taught in full in IS-05, not re-taught here): the Treaty of Hudaibiyah (6 Hijri / 628 AD) between the Prophet (PBUH) and the Quraysh of Makkah, and the Charter of Madina (622 AD) establishing the first Islamic state and constitution, appear in the CSS set’s regional topic and in Islamic-studies bank topics. They are counted in IS-05’s practice set, not in this chapter’s 223, so a student drilling here does not double-count them — but a paper that asks “Treaty of Hudaibiyah was signed between which parties?” expects Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Quraysh, and that answer is carried here as a cross-link only.
7. Pakistan-linked treaties — the table papers return to
These are the treaty questions that sit inside Pakistan Studies papers, tabled here so a GK revision pass covers them without re-teaching the PS narrative. Full narrative: PS-05 (Lucknow Pact), PS-11 (Tashkent, Simla, Indus), PS-13/PS-14 (Indus geography and foreign policy).
| Treaty / pact | Year & parties | The bank answer |
|---|---|---|
| Lucknow Pact (1916) ⭐ | Congress and the Muslim League | Congress agreed to separate electorates; the PMS 2025 bank stem keys the council-seat bargain as Congress giving Muslims 1/3 of council seats in the pact’s terms. Full story in PS-05 — do not confuse with the Simla Deputation (see Traps). |
| Indus Waters Treaty (1960) 🔁 ⭐ | India and Pakistan; brokered by the World Bank; signed at Karachi, 19 September 1960, by Ayub Khan (Pakistan) and Nehru (India) | Western rivers to Pakistan: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab. Eastern rivers to India: Ravi, Beas, Sutlej. The banks ask it four ways — year (1960), broker (World Bank), western rivers, and “which river was surrendered by Pakistan?” → Ravi (an eastern river). PPSC 2026 paper keys the year. |
| Tashkent Agreement (1966) ⭐ | India and Pakistan, after the 1965 war | Signed 10 January 1966 (banks key “Jan 1966” / “1966”). PPSC 2026 paper. |
| Simla Agreement (1972) ⭐ | India and Pakistan, after the 1971 war | The famous agreement after the 1971 war. PPSC 2026 paper. Full story in PS-11. |
| Baghdad Pact (1955) → CENTO | Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, UK | Pakistan and Iran sought Baghdad Pact membership in 1955; the pact came to be known as CENTO. The banks ask the rename, not the membership list alone. |
| SEATO (1954) | Southeast Asia defence alliance | Pakistan was a SEATO member; the banks ask its purpose (defence alliance in Southeast Asia), taught in Section 4 and cross-linked here. |
| Tripartite Agreement (9 April 1974) | Pakistan, India, Bangladesh | Signed on behalf of Pakistan by Aziz Ahmad (bank stem, PPSC 2019 paper). The post-1971 prisoners/repatriation agreement; full context in PS-11. |
8. Climate, law & arms control — the modern treaty set
- Kyoto Protocol (1997) 🔁 — reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; carbon credits / the Carbon Scheme were introduced under Kyoto (banks ask both phrasings).
- Paris Climate Agreement (2015) 🔁 — aims to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; adopted at COP21, Paris, 2015.
- UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992) — adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (PPSC 2024 paper).
- Montreal Protocol (1987) ⭐ — the international treaty on protecting the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances (PPSC 2025 paper).
- CITES ⭐ — the international agreement regulating cross-border trade and movement of endangered animals and plants (PPSC 2025 paper).
- Geneva Conventions (1949) 🔁 — protection of war victims and prisoners; the banks’ 2024 paper keys 196 states as signatories/parties.
- Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968) 🔁 ⭐ — aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons; signed/opened 1968. PPSC 2024 and 2026 papers key the purpose in identical wording, and a 2025 paper keys the NPT as the treaty aimed at preventing nuclear spread.
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) — the banks’ 2025 stem asks which country does NOT follow the CTBT → North Korea (bank answer; taught as a bank-keyed fact, not as a general claim about all non-signatories).
- Pakistan’s position (PMS Screening 2026 CA mock residue, added 2026-11-03): Pakistan is a signatory to neither the NPT nor the CTBT — it has never signed either treaty (the mock’s Q64 key, corrected from the booklet’s “Both A & B”). The four never-signed states are India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan; North Korea is the different case — it acceded, then announced withdrawal in 2003.
- START Treaty (1991) — signed between the USA and USSR on nuclear arms reduction.
- Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE, 1990) — the expansion the banks ask for the CFE initials.
- Moscow Treaty (2002) — signed between the USA and Russia on nuclear arms reduction (the SORT treaty).
- NAFTA (trade agreement) — a treaty entered into by the United States, Canada and Mexico (PPSC 2024 paper, topic “Trade Agreements”). Trade-agreement questions are counted here, not in GK-10’s trade section, because the stem asks the treaty parties.
9. Summits — the host table (and how summit questions work)
Summit questions are almost always “hosted by which country/city, in which year?” — they do not ask for summit outcomes. Learn the host, not the communiqué. Recent hosts live in the Current Affairs month files; this table locks the 2023–2025 hosts the banks already key, so a GK pass does not have to wait for the CA files.
| Summit | Host the banks key |
|---|---|
| BRICS Summit 2024 | Russia (Kazan) |
| G20 Summit 2023 | India (New Delhi) |
| G20 Summit 2024 | Brazil |
| G20 Summit 2025 | South Africa |
| SCO Summit 2024 | Kazakhstan |
| SCO Summit 2025 | China (Tianjin — PPSC PMS 2026 paper keys Tianjin; the CSS set keys China) |
| ECO Summit 2025 | Azerbaijan |
| NATO Summit 2025 | The Hague, Netherlands |
| ASEAN Summit 2025 | Malaysia |
| APEC Summit 2025 | South Korea (Gyeongju) |
| Arab League Summit 2025 | Iraq (Baghdad) (2023: Saudi Arabia) |
| African Union Summit 2025 | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| COP ladder | Paris COP21 (2015) → Glasgow COP26 (2021, UK) → Sharm El-Sheikh COP27 (2022, Egypt) → Dubai COP28 (2023, UAE) → Baku COP29 (2024, Azerbaijan) → Belém COP30 (2025, Brazil) |
Two notes on the COP ladder. First, COP29 Baku 2024 is not in the CSS set — the set jumps from COP28 to COP30 — and it is added here from the standard COP sequence (verified by web check, 31 October 2026) so the ladder has no hole a paper can exploit. Second, COP17 (Yerevan, 2026) is current affairs, not GK: its adoption outcome and the Yerevan Pathway live in the World November 2026 CA file (A30/A31), and its final decision texts were still unpublished at this chapter’s writing — do not carry COP17 into a GK revision list as settled text.
Other summit stems in the count (general-knowledge topics, not the CSS set): the 2018 Trump–Putin meeting in Finland, the Arab League Summit 2023 in Saudi Arabia, the 18th Non-Aligned Movement Summit, 25–26 October 2019, Baku, and the Global Climate Action Summit 2018 in California, USA. They are counted in the 223 and drilled from the master table, not given separate sections, because each is a single host fact.
9A. Retrospective — the 2025 summit year: dates, editions and themes
Origin year 2025, filed 2026-10-31 from the gk360 monthly Current Affairs bank (Jan 2025 – May 2026 files) and verified against standard sources — Section 9 locks the hosts; this table adds the dates, edition numbers and themes the CA bank actually asks (the December 2025 file keys BRICS’s edition and theme, the SCO’s edition, the G20’s theme and COP30’s iteration, so a host-only answer is no longer enough). No 🔁/⭐ mark is claimed for this table itself: one year’s summits are not a multi-paper repeat pattern. Bank keys that conflict with the verified record are corrected, not taught (see Traps).
| Summit (2025) | When & where | The one line to learn |
|---|---|---|
| World Economic Forum Annual Meeting (55th) | 20–24 January, Davos, Switzerland | Theme “Collaboration for the Intelligent Age” — the year’s opening summit, and the theme the CA bank keys. |
| World Governments Summit (12th) | 11–13 February, Dubai, UAE | Theme “Shaping Future Governments”; Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif addressed it on 11 February. |
| G7 Summit (51st) | 15–17 June, Kananaskis, Canada | Host Prime Minister Mark Carney; India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended as an outreach guest (see Traps — the bank’s pre-summit “not invited” key is superseded). |
| NATO Summit | 24–25 June, The Hague, Netherlands | The Hague Defence Investment Plan: 5% of GDP (3.5% core defence + 1.5% defence-related) — the first NATO summit hosted by the Netherlands. No edition number is taught for NATO (see Traps). |
| BRICS Summit (17th) | 6–7 July, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Theme “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”; Indonesia took part for the first time as a full member (it had joined in January 2025) and the Rio Declaration was adopted. |
| Trump–Putin Summit | 15 August, Anchorage, Alaska (Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson) | The first Trump–Putin meeting since 2019, on the Ukraine war — no agreement announced (“there’s no deal until there’s a deal”). The CA bank keys it only as a proposed Alaska meeting; the held summit is the fact. |
| SCO Summit (25th) | 31 August – 1 September, Tianjin, China | The Tianjin Declaration adopted, plus the SCO Development Strategy 2026–2035; Kyrgyzstan takes the next presidency (see Traps — the bank’s “Pakistan will host 2026/2027” key is not taught). Pakistan attended as one of the ten member states. |
| Arab–Islamic Emergency Summit | 15 September, Doha, Qatar | Convened after Israel’s 9 September strike on Hamas leaders in Doha; the communiqué condemned the strike and called for sanctions, an arms embargo and a review of ties. Pakistan’s Prime Minister called for suspension of Israel’s UN membership and a two-state solution. No participant headcount is taught (see Traps). |
| APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting (32nd) | 31 October – 1 November, Gyeongju, South Korea | Theme “Building a Sustainable Tomorrow: Connect, Innovate, Prosper”; the Gyeongju Declaration adopted by the 21 member economies. |
| COP30 (30th UN Climate Conference) | 10–21 November, Belém, Brazil | Ten years after Paris, in the Amazon gateway city; the Baku-to-Belém Roadmap links COP29’s finance work to COP30 (see Traps — the bank’s “commenced 11 November” key is the symbolic-capital period, not the opening). |
| G20 Summit (20th) | 22–23 November, Johannesburg, South Africa | Theme “Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability”; the first G20 ever held in Africa; the Leaders’ Declaration was adopted without United States participation (the US boycotted). |
- The 2025 pattern to learn as one line: January Davos → February Dubai → June Kananaskis + The Hague → July Rio → August Anchorage → September Tianjin + Doha → October/November Gyeongju → November Belém + Johannesburg. The year runs west to east and ends in the Global South: Brazil, South Africa and China hosted four of the last five.
- What papers ask about a summit year: host + year (Section 9), then edition number, theme and one outcome — in that order. If you know the host but not the theme, the December 2025 CA file’s BRICS-theme and G20-theme stems are the ones you will miss.
9B. Retrospective — the 2025 ceasefires & peace deals: dates, places and mediators
Origin year 2025, filed 2026-10-31 from the gk360 monthly Current Affairs bank (Jan 2025 – May 2026 files) and verified against standard sources — 2025 was an unusually deal-heavy year, and papers ask these as date + parties + mediator triples, so learn the table as triples, not as stories. No 🔁/⭐ mark is claimed for this table itself: one year’s deals are not a multi-paper repeat pattern. Two rows have no CA-bank row behind them (India–Pakistan, DRC–Rwanda) and are taught from standard reporting, stated as such; bank keys that conflict with the verified record are corrected, not taught (see Traps).
| Deal (2025) | Date & place | The one line to learn |
|---|---|---|
| Israel–Hamas ceasefire (first 2025 Gaza ceasefire) | In effect 19 January 2025 | Ended 15 months of fighting in Gaza (CA bank, January 2025 file); mediated by Qatar, Egypt and the United States. Do not merge it with the October deal below — 2025 has two Gaza ceasefires. |
| India–Pakistan ceasefire | 10 May 2025 (DGMO-to-DGMO understanding) | After the Pahalgam attack (22 April) and India’s Operation Sindoor (7 May): Pakistan’s DGMO called India’s DGMO at 15:35 IST, and both sides stopped all firing and military action on land, air and sea from 17:00 IST. Taught as a DGMO understanding, not a signed treaty (see Traps); no CA-bank row behind this row. |
| DRC–Rwanda Peace Agreement (“Washington Accord”) | 27 June 2025, Washington, D.C. | Signed by the DRC’s Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner and Rwanda’s Olivier Nduhungirehe, witnessed by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio; it follows the Declaration of Principles of 25 April 2025 and sets up a joint security coordination mechanism. No CA-bank row behind this row. |
| Thailand–Cambodia ceasefire | 28 July 2025, Putrajaya, Malaysia | Immediate and unconditional ceasefire from 24:00 local time, 28 July, after five days of border fighting; talks mediated by Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim (Malaysia held the ASEAN chair), with the US and China present — the CA bank keys the mediator (July 2025 file). A General Border Committee meeting followed on 4 August. |
| Armenia–Azerbaijan Joint Declaration | 8 August 2025, Washington, D.C. | President Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, with President Donald Trump as witness, signed the Joint Declaration; their foreign ministers initialled the text of the Agreement on Establishment of Peace and Inter-State Relations, appealed jointly to close the OSCE Minsk Process, and set up the TRIPP connectivity project (Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity). The CA bank keys the broker (August 2025 file) but dates it 7 August — corrected here (see Traps). |
| Gaza ceasefire (Trump 20-point plan) | Agreement signed 9 October 2025, Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt; in effect 10 October | The 20-point plan (CA bank, October 2025 file); mediators Qatar, Egypt, the United States and Turkey; all 20 living Israeli hostages released 13 October 2025, with Palestinian prisoners freed in exchange. The signed document is the plan’s implementation steps, not a final peace treaty (see Traps). |
| Pakistan–Taliban ceasefire implementation talks | Late October 2025, Istanbul | Implementation talks only (CA bank, October 2025 file) — the talks are the fact; no new deal is claimed here, and no outcome is asserted beyond the talks themselves. |
- The 2025 pattern to learn as one line: January Gaza → May India–Pakistan → June Congo–Rwanda → July Thailand–Cambodia → August Armenia–Azerbaijan → October Gaza again + Istanbul. Two of the seven are Gaza, two were signed in Washington, and every one except the DGMO understanding names a mediator or witness — that is the triple papers test: date, parties, mediator.
- What papers ask about a deal year: the date first, then the place or mediator, then one outcome (hostages released, troops, corridor). If you know only “2025 ceasefire” with no parties, you will miss every stem in this set.
9C. Retrospective — the 2025 agreements & pacts year: names, dates and the one line each
Origin year 2025, filed 2026-11-01 from the gk360 monthly Current Affairs bank (Jan 2025 – May 2026 files) and verified against standard sources — 2025 was also a heavy year for signed agreements that are not ceasefires, and papers ask these as name + date + parties triples, so learn the table as triples, not as stories. No 🔁/⭐ mark is claimed for this table itself: one year’s agreements are not a multi-paper repeat pattern. Three CA-bank rows behind this table are taught with their wording corrected (see Traps): Power of Siberia 2 is a memorandum, not a finished construction contract; the US–Australia critical-minerals item is a non-binding framework, not a treaty; and the Türkiye–US nuclear item is a cooperation MoU, not a reactor purchase. Rows already served in another chapter are cross-linked here, not duplicated: the Pakistan–Saudi Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement of 17 September 2025 (GK-09 Section 3A), the US–Pakistan oil-reserves trade deal announced 30 July 2025 (GK-10 Section 8A), the 2025 ceasefires (Section 9B) and the 2025 summits (Section 9A).
| Agreement / pact (2025) | Date & place | The one line to learn |
|---|---|---|
| Pakistan–China medical-equipment MoUs | 17 January 2025, Beijing | Three MoUs worth around US$250 million in medical and surgical equipment, signed at the China–Pakistan B2B matchmaking conference (CA bank, January 2025 file) — company-level MoUs, not a state treaty: Sialkot surgical instruments are the sector papers name. |
| Pakistan–Saudi Fund for Development agreements | 3 February 2025, Islamabad | Two agreements worth US$1.61 billion (CA bank, February 2025 file): a US$1.20 billion deferred-payment facility for Saudi oil imports for one year plus a US$41 million concessional loan for the Mansehra gravity-flow water scheme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. |
| Pakistan–UAE mutual visa-waiver MoU | Signed 24 June 2025, Abu Dhabi; in effect 25 July 2025 | Diplomatic and official passports only — the waiver does not cover ordinary passports (CA bank, July 2025 file). Signed at the 12th Pakistan–UAE Joint Ministerial Commission; reciprocal at all airports of both countries. |
| UK–Germany Kensington Treaty | 17 July 2025, London (V&A Museum) | The friendship and bilateral cooperation treaty (CA bank, July 2025 file) — signed by Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Chancellor Friedrich Merz; its rail point is a joint taskforce for direct London–Berlin services within a decade, not a service already running. |
| Pakistan signs the BBNJ Agreement | 22 July 2025, New York (UN Headquarters) | Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar signed the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction — the high-seas treaty (CA bank, July 2025 file). Pakistan had chaired the Group of 77 and China during the two main negotiating sessions in 2022. |
| Australia–UK Geelong Treaty | 26 July 2025, Geelong, Victoria | The bilateral Nuclear-Powered Submarine Partnership and Collaboration Treaty (CA bank, July 2025 file) — signed by Defence Ministers Richard Marles and John Healey; a 50-year commitment under AUKUS Pillar I covering design, build, operation, sustainment and disposal of SSN-AUKUS submarines. |
| Russia–China Power of Siberia 2 memorandum | 2 September 2025, Beijing (announced; reported 3 September) | A legally binding memorandum (CA bank, August 2025 file) — Gazprom and CNPC, for a pipeline carrying 50 billion cubic metres a year to China via Mongolia (Soyuz Vostok transit). It is a memorandum, not a finished construction contract: price, financing and final route were still open. |
| Iran–IAEA Cairo Agreement | 9 September 2025, Cairo | IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi signed the agreement on practical steps for safeguards implementation under the NPT Safeguards Agreement, after the June 2025 attacks on Iran’s safeguarded facilities (CA bank, September 2025 file). |
| Türkiye–US Strategic Civil Nuclear Cooperation MoU | 25 September 2025, Washington, D.C. (White House) | Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar and Secretary of State Marco Rubio signed the MoU (CA bank, September 2025 file) — cooperation on large reactors and small modular reactors (SMRs). It is a framework for structured work, not a reactor purchase contract: no vendor, site or financing was locked. |
| US–Australia Critical Minerals Framework | 20 October 2025, Washington, D.C. | The Framework for Securing Supply in the Mining and Processing of Critical Minerals and Rare Earths (CA bank, October 2025 file) — signed by President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Anthony Albanese; a US$8.5 billion project pipeline, with at least US$1 billion from each government within six months. It is a non-binding framework, not a treaty. |
| US–Saudi Strategic Defense Agreement | 18 November 2025, Washington, D.C. (White House) | Signed during Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s visit (CA bank, November 2025 file) — the agreement approved the future sale of F-35 jets (the bank’s answer) plus nearly 300 tanks, alongside a civil-nuclear, critical-minerals and AI package signed the same visit. The F-35s are future deliveries, not 2025 deliveries. |
- The 2025 pattern to learn as one line: January medical MoUs → February SFD → June UAE waiver → July Kensington + BBNJ + Geelong → September Siberia 2 + Cairo + Türkiye nuclear → October critical minerals → November Saudi defence. July is the treaty month (three signings), September is the energy month (three energy instruments), and the two defence items that look alike — Geelong (submarines, 50 years) and the Saudi agreement (F-35s, future) — are separated by four months and two continents.
- What papers ask about an agreement year: the name first (Geelong, Kensington, BBNJ, Cairo), then the date, then one figure or party (50 years, 50 bcm, $1.61bn, $8.5bn, F-35). If you know only “2025 agreement” with no name, you will miss every stem in this set — and if you call a memorandum or framework a treaty, a “what was signed?” stem will catch you.
10. Master table — every treaty on one page
| Name | Year | Parties / purpose in one line |
|---|---|---|
| Tordesillas | 1494 | Spain–Portugal division of new lands |
| Westphalia | 1648 | Ended Thirty Years’ War |
| Utrecht | 1713 | Ended War of the Spanish Succession |
| Paris | 1763 | Ended Seven Years’ War |
| Paris | 1783 | Ended American War of Independence |
| Sugauli | 1815 | EIC–Nepal |
| Vienna | 1815 | After Napoleonic Wars |
| London | 1839 | Belgium neutrality |
| Amritsar | 1846 | British–Gulab Singh; Kashmir 75 lakh |
| Lahore | 1846 | After First Anglo–Sikh War |
| Guadalupe Hidalgo | 1848 | Ended Mexican–American War |
| Paris | 1856 | Ended Crimean War |
| San Stefano | 1878 | Ended Russo–Turkish War |
| Gandamak | 1879 | Britain–Afghanistan |
| Berlin Conference | 1884–85 | Partition of Africa (conference, not treaty) |
| Portsmouth | 1905 | Ended Russo–Japanese War; Roosevelt mediated |
| Sykes-Picot | May 1916 | Britain–France Middle East division |
| London (secret) | 1915 | Brought Italy into WWI |
| Brest-Litovsk | 1918 | Germany–Soviet Russia |
| Rawalpindi | 1919 | Ended Third Anglo–Afghan War |
| Versailles | 1919 | Ended WWI |
| Saint-Germain | 1919 | Austria after WWI |
| Neuilly | 1919 | Bulgaria after WWI |
| Trianon | 1920 | Hungary after WWI |
| Sèvres | 1920 | Partition of Ottoman Empire |
| Rapallo | 1922 | Germany–Soviet Russia |
| Lausanne | 1923 | Recognised Republic of Turkey; replaced Sèvres |
| Locarno | 1925 | Western Europe borders guaranteed |
| Pact of Steel | 1939 | Germany–Italy |
| Molotov–Ribbentrop | 1939 | Germany–USSR non-aggression |
| Atlantic Charter | 1941 | Allied peace aims (declaration) |
| Yalta / Potsdam | 1945 | Conferences: leaders / Germany reconstruction |
| San Francisco Conference | 1945 | Founded the UN |
| Paris | 1947 | Ended WWII for Axis satellites |
| Rio Treaty | 1947 | Inter-American mutual defence |
| Brussels Treaty | 1948 | Western Union — NATO precursor |
| North Atlantic Treaty | 1949 | Founded NATO |
| San Francisco Treaty | 1951 | Japan post–WWII peace |
| ANZUS | 1951 | Australia–New Zealand–USA |
| SEATO | 1954 | Southeast Asia defence alliance |
| Warsaw Pact | 1955–1991 | USSR–Eastern Bloc counter to NATO |
| CENTO / Baghdad Pact | 1955 | Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, UK |
| Rome | 1957 | Founded EEC |
| Maastricht | 1992 / 1993 | Created EU (signed / in force) |
| Nice | 2001 | EU enlargement & voting reforms |
| Lisbon | 2007 / 2009 | Reformed EU institutions (signed / in force) |
| Camp David Accords | 1978 | Egypt–Israel; Carter mediated |
| Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty | 1979 | Followed Camp David |
| Oslo Accords | 1993 | Israel–PLO; Norway mediated |
| Wadi Araba | 1994 | Jordan–Israel |
| Abraham Accords | 2020 | Israel–UAE–Bahrain; then Sudan, Morocco |
| Doha Agreement | 2020 | USA–Taliban |
| Algiers Agreement | 1975 | Iran–Iraq border |
| Lucknow Pact | 1916 | Congress–Muslim League; separate electorates |
| Indus Waters Treaty | 1960 | India–Pakistan; World Bank; west/east rivers |
| Tashkent Agreement | 1966 | India–Pakistan after 1965 war |
| Simla Agreement | 1972 | India–Pakistan after 1971 war |
| Tripartite Agreement | 1974 | Pakistan–India–Bangladesh; Aziz Ahmad for Pakistan |
| Kyoto Protocol | 1997 | Greenhouse gas reduction |
| Paris Climate Agreement | 2015 | Below 2°C; COP21 |
| UNFCCC | 1992 | Rio Earth Summit |
| Montreal Protocol | 1987 | Ozone layer |
| CITES | — | Endangered species trade |
| Geneva Conventions | 1949 | War victims & prisoners; 196 parties |
| NPT | 1968 | Prevent spread of nuclear weapons |
| START | 1991 | USA–USSR arms reduction |
| CFE Treaty | 1990 | Conventional Armed Forces in Europe |
| Moscow Treaty | 2002 | USA–Russia arms reduction |
11. Rapid-fire one-liners
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Pakistan = signatory to neither NPT nor CTBT (never signed either).
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Westphalia 1648 ended the Thirty Years’ War; Versailles 1919 ended WWI; Paris 1947 ended WWII for the Axis satellites.
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Sèvres 1920 partitioned the Ottoman Empire; Lausanne 1923 replaced Sèvres and recognised Turkey.
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Saint-Germain = Austria, Neuilly = Bulgaria, Trianon = Hungary — all WWI settlements, all 1919–1920.
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Rome 1957 = EEC; Maastricht 1992 signed / 1993 in force = EU; Lisbon 2007 signed / 2009 in force = EU institutions reformed.
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North Atlantic Treaty 1949 = NATO; Warsaw Pact 1955–1991 = Soviet counter-bloc, dissolved 1991.
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Pact of Steel = Germany–Italy; Molotov–Ribbentrop = Germany–USSR non-aggression.
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Camp David 1978 = Egypt–Israel, Carter mediated, Sinai withdrawal; Oslo 1993 = Israel–PLO, Norway mediated; Wadi Araba 1994 = Jordan–Israel.
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Abraham Accords 2020: first UAE, second Bahrain, then Sudan and Morocco; signed at the White House.
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Amritsar 1846 = Gulab Singh, 75 lakh; Lahore 1846 = after First Anglo–Sikh War.
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Indus Waters Treaty 1960: World Bank brokered; west Indus, Jhelum, Chenab to Pakistan; east Ravi, Beas, Sutlej to India.
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Tashkent 10 January 1966 after 1965; Simla 1972 after 1971; Lucknow Pact 1916 = separate electorates.
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Kyoto 1997 = greenhouse gases; Paris 2015 = below 2°C; Montreal 1987 = ozone; NPT 1968 = prevent nuclear spread.
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Geneva Conventions 1949 = war victims; 196 parties in the banks’ 2024 key.
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BRICS 2024 Kazan, Russia; G20 2023 New Delhi, 2024 Brazil, 2025 South Africa; SCO 2025 Tianjin, China.
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2025 summit year (Section 9A): Davos 20–24 Jan → Dubai 11–13 Feb → Kananaskis 15–17 Jun + The Hague 24–25 Jun → Rio 6–7 Jul → Anchorage 15 Aug → Tianjin 31 Aug–1 Sep + Doha 15 Sep → Gyeongju 31 Oct–1 Nov → Belém 10–21 Nov + Johannesburg 22–23 Nov.
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2025 deals year (Section 9B): Gaza ceasefire 19 Jan → India–Pakistan 10 May → DRC–Rwanda 27 Jun → Thailand–Cambodia 28 Jul → Armenia–Azerbaijan 8 Aug → Gaza 20-point deal signed 9 Oct, in effect 10 Oct, hostages out 13 Oct → Pakistan–Taliban implementation talks, Istanbul, late Oct.
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2025 agreements year (Section 9C): medical MoUs 17 Jan → SFD 3 Feb → UAE waiver signed 24 Jun, in effect 25 Jul → Kensington 17 Jul + BBNJ 22 Jul + Geelong 26 Jul → Siberia 2 memorandum 2 Sep + Cairo 9 Sep + Türkiye nuclear MoU 25 Sep → critical minerals 20 Oct → Saudi defence 18 Nov.
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COP21 Paris 2015 → COP26 Glasgow 2021 → COP27 Sharm 2022 → COP28 Dubai 2023 → COP29 Baku 2024 → COP30 Belém 2025.
12. Most-asked facts (from our verified past-paper banks)
- The treaty family itself is the most-asked fact: 223 unique stems, 96 files — no single treaty dominates, which is why this chapter is a table chapter, not a narrative chapter. Drill the master table, not one treaty.
- Indus Waters Treaty is the most-asked single treaty in the Pakistan-linked set (20 unique stems in the Indus family alone, plus Indus stems inside the general family): year, broker, western rivers and the “Ravi surrendered” phrasing all recur.
- Versailles is the most-asked European settlement, asked both as a GK treaty name and inside GK-04’s war narrative — the two chapters reinforce each other, they do not compete.
- NPT purpose (“prevent the spread of nuclear weapons”) is asked in identical wording in PPSC 2024, 2025 and 2026 papers — a verbatim-recall fact.
- Sèvres 1920 as a bare-year question (“In 1920, which treaty was signed?”) and Westphalia 1648 and Sykes-Picot May 1916 in PPSC 2025 papers show the current paper style: year-first, name-second. The master table is ordered to match that style.
- Summit hosts 2023–2025 (BRICS, G20, SCO, ASEAN, APEC, Arab League, AU, ECO, NATO) are asked as host-only questions in the CSS set and in PPSC 2026 papers (SCO Tianjin, COP30 Belém) — host + year, nothing deeper, is the whole technique.
- The 2025 summit year in depth (Section 9A): the December 2025 CA file already asks BRICS’s edition (17th) and theme, the SCO’s edition (25th), the G20’s theme and COP30’s iteration — so the next paper round can ask edition, theme and one outcome on top of the host, and Section 9A is the drill for exactly that.
- The 2025 deals year in depth (Section 9B): the CA bank already asks the Gaza ceasefire’s in-effect date and 15-month span (January 2025 file), the Thailand–Cambodia mediator (July 2025 file), the Armenia–Azerbaijan broker (August 2025 file) and the Gaza plan’s 20 points, four mediators and Sharm el-Sheikh signing (October 2025 file) — so the next paper round can ask date + mediator + one outcome on top of the parties, and Section 9B is the drill for exactly that.
- The 2025 agreements year in depth (Section 9C): the CA bank already asks the SFD figure and date (February 2025 file), the BBNJ signing date (July 2025 file), the Geelong parties and 50-year term (July 2025 file), the Pakistan–UAE visa-waiver parties (July 2025 file), the UK–Germany rail-treaty parties (July 2025 file), the Iran–IAEA agreement date (September 2025 file), the Türkiye–US nuclear-deal parties (September 2025 file), the US–Australia $8.5bn pact parties (October 2025 file) and the Saudi–US defence-agreement fighter jets (November 2025 file) — so the next paper round can ask name + date + one figure on top of the parties, and Section 9C is the drill for exactly that.
13. Traps & confusions
- Paris × 4: 1763 (Seven Years’ War), 1783 (American independence), 1856 (Crimean War), 1947 (WWII Axis satellites). Never answer “Treaty of Paris” without the year — the year is the answer.
- London × 2 in this chapter: London 1839 (Belgium neutrality) vs London 1915 (secret treaty bringing Italy into WWI). Different centuries, different subjects.
- San Francisco × 2: San Francisco Conference 1945 (founded the UN) vs San Francisco Treaty 1951 (Japan’s peace). Conference = founding; treaty = Japan.
- Simla Deputation vs Simla Agreement: the Simla Deputation (1 October 1906, 35 leaders, Agha Khan, Lord Minto, separate electorates) is PS-05, not a treaty — and it is the chapter’s count trap: 15 unique Simla Deputation stems (18 rows) were found in the first count and excluded (the script now excludes any “deputation” topic), because counting them would have inflated the Simla family and taught a deputation as an agreement. The Simla Agreement is 1972, after the 1971 war. If a stem says “deputation”, answer Minto/Agha Khan; if it says “agreement after 1971”, answer Simla 1972.
- Tashkent vs Simla: Tashkent = 1966, after 1965; Simla = 1972, after 1971. The war year + 1 is the mnemonic (1965→1966, 1971→1972).
- Signed vs in force: Maastricht 1992/1993, Lisbon 2007/2009, NPT 1968/1970. Read the verb before choosing the year.
- Brussels 1948 vs NATO 1949: Brussels created the Western Union (NATO’s precursor); the North Atlantic Treaty (1949) created NATO. A stem asking “which treaty established NATO?” wants the North Atlantic Treaty, not Brussels.
- Camp David 1978 vs Peace Treaty 1979: the Accords are the framework (Carter mediated); the 1979 treaty is the instrument that followed. The banks ask both, as separate stems.
- Sèvres vs Lausanne: Sèvres partitioned the Ottoman Empire (1920) and was replaced by Lausanne (1923), which recognised Turkey. Answering Sèvres to a “recognised Turkey” stem is the classic error.
- Versailles vs Armistice: war ended 11 November 1918 (Armistice); peace signed 28 June 1919 (Versailles).
- Abraham order: UAE first, Bahrain second — reversing them is the most common error in this set.
- Hudaibiyah year: banks key both 6 Hijri and 628 AD for the same treaty — same event, two calendars; do not treat them as two treaties.
- “Treaty of Amritsar” price: 75 lakh rupees = Rs 7.5 million — same figure, two notations. A stem offering both is testing whether you know they are identical.
- 2025 deals bank keys corrected, not taught (Section 9B): the CA bank’s Armenia–Azerbaijan stem (August 2025 file) dates the deal 7 August — the verified signing is 8 August 2025, Washington (president.az / primeminister.am texts), so Section 9B teaches 8 August; its January Gaza stem’s “15 months” is taught as the bank phrases it (October 2023 → January 2025); and its October Gaza stems’ “20-point peace plan” is the plan, while the signed 9 October document is the plan’s implementation steps — Section 9B keeps plan and signed document distinct. India–Pakistan is taught as a DGMO understanding, not a signed treaty: India framed it as an understanding worked out directly between the DGMOs, and the US announcement the same day does not convert it into a treaty text. The two 2025 Gaza ceasefires (19 January; 10 October) are taught as separate rows — merging them into one “2025 Gaza ceasefire” loses the date, the mediators and the hostage-release facts papers ask.
- 2025 summit bank keys corrected, not taught (Section 9A): the CA bank’s BRICS theme key “Partnership for mutually accelerated growth” (December 2025 file) is not the summit theme — the verified theme is “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”; its BRICS total key 10 conflicts with summit reporting that counts 11 with Indonesia, so Section 9A teaches Indonesia’s first summit as a full member and gives no total (Saudi Arabia’s status is counted differently across lists); its “76th NATO summit” key (June 2025 file) is not taught — NATO edition numbering is not used in Section 9A; its pre-summit G7 key “India not invited” (June 2025 file) is superseded — Modi attended as an outreach guest; its “Pakistan will host the SCO summit 2026/2027” key (December 2025 file) is not taught — the Tianjin Declaration gives the next presidency to Kyrgyzstan; its COP30 key “commenced 11 November” (November 2025 file) is the symbolic-capital transfer period, not the opening — the conference opened 10 November; its COP30 Pakistan-representation key (Maryam Nawaz, November 2025 file) was not verified in this run’s checks and is not taught; its Doha headcount key 60 conflicts with the Doha Institute’s 57 states represented, so Section 9A gives no headcount; and its G20 key phrasing “President-elect Trump would not attend” is outdated — the boycott was ordered by President Trump in November 2025.
- 2025 agreements bank keys corrected, not taught (Section 9C): the CA bank’s Power of Siberia 2 stem (August 2025 file) asks which country “signed an agreement” for the pipeline — the verified instrument is a legally binding memorandum announced 2 September 2025 (reported 3 September), not a finished construction contract, so Section 9C teaches memorandum + 50 bcm/yr via Mongolia and gives no construction start; its US–Australia stem (October 2025 file) calls the item a “pact” — the verified instrument is a non-binding framework signed 20 October 2025 in Washington (some reporting dates it 21 October by timezone), so Section 9C teaches framework + $8.5bn pipeline and never calls it a treaty; its Türkiye–US stem (September 2025 file) calls the item a “nuclear deal” — the verified instrument is a Strategic Civil Nuclear Cooperation MoU signed 25 September 2025, a framework for large reactors and SMRs, not a reactor order, so Section 9C teaches MoU and gives no vendor or site; its Pakistan–UAE stem (July 2025 file) is filed under July but the MoU was signed 24 June 2025 and only took effect 25 July 2025, and it covers diplomatic and official passports only — Section 9C teaches both dates and the ordinary-passport exclusion; its Pakistan–Italy stem (January 2025 file, “Cultural Property Protection” agreement) is held, not taught — no signed January 2025 agreement was verified in this run’s checks (the FIA–Carabinieri cooperation framework was still proposed in April 2026 reporting, with a formal MoU expected then, not signed in January 2025); its December 2025 Pakistan–Saudi counter-terrorism stem is not a separate December agreement — it restates the September 2025 Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement already served in GK-09 Section 3A, so Section 9C cross-links it instead of double-teaching it; its December 2025 Pakistan–Nigeria anti-corruption memorandum stem is held, not taught — bank row only, no standard-source confirmation in this run’s checks; and its September 2025 Pakistan–China solar-energy MoU stem is held, not taught — the verified September solar items are company-level JinkoSolar MoUs (2.3 GW), not the government MoU the stem’s wording implies; and its August 2025 Pakistan–Germany renewable-energy MoU stem (6 August) is held, not taught — the verified Germany item in this run’s checks is the November 2025 €114 million development commitment under the 2021 Climate and Energy Partnership, not a 6 August MoU.
14. Memory tricks (professional aids; no lecture covers this topic as a unit)
- The WWI settlement trio: “Saint-Germain = Austria, Neuilly = Bulgaria, Trianon = Hungary” — read the initials A–B–H in treaty order (1919, 1919, 1920).
- The Paris ladder: 1763 → 1783 → 1856 → 1947: “Seven, American, Crimean, Satellites” — the wars in the order the Parises ended them.
- The EU ladder: “Rome Made Lisbon” — Rome (1957, EEC) → Maastricht (1992, EU) → Lisbon (2007, institutions). Add “/1993” and “/2009” after Maastricht and Lisbon for the in-force years.
- Indus rivers: the PS-11 lecturer’s trick, carried here: I-C-J (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum) → Pakistan; R-B-S (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) → India. West stays west, east goes east.
- Tashkent/Simla: war year + 1 (1965→1966, 1971→1972).
- Middle East chain: “Camp, Oslo, Wadi, Abraham” — 1978, 1993, 1994, 2020 — with mediators Carter, Norway, (none), USA in the same order.
- COP ladder: 21 Paris, 26 Glasgow, 27 Sharm, 28 Dubai, 29 Baku, 30 Belém — “Paris to Belém, via Glasgow, Sharm, Dubai, Baku” in five-year steps from 2015, skipping only the unasked COP numbers in between.
- The 2025 summit ladder: “Davos, Dubai, Kananaskis–Hague, Rio, Anchorage, Tianjin–Doha, Gyeongju, Belém–Johannesburg” — read it as months: Jan, Feb, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct/Nov, Nov. The two Junes and the two Novembers are the pairs papers use to test whether you know which summit went where.
- The 2025 deals ladder: “Jan, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Oct” — Jan Gaza-1, May Ind–Pak, Jun Congo–Rwanda, Jul Thai–Camb, Aug Armenia–Azer, Oct Gaza-2. Two Gazas bookend the year; Washington signs two (June, August); every deal except the DGMO understanding names a mediator or witness.
- The 2025 agreements ladder: “Jan, Feb, Jun, Jul, Sep, Oct, Nov” — Jan medical, Feb SFD, Jun UAE waiver, Jul Kensington–BBNJ–Geelong, Sep Siberia–Cairo–Türkiye, Oct minerals, Nov Saudi. July has three names, September has three energy instruments — if a stem names a month, the month narrows it to three.
15. Visuals (site build specs)
- TIMELINE — The peace settlements 1494–2020: horizontal timeline with one dot per treaty in Section 2, colour-coded by family (Europe settlements, WWI settlement, WWII/Cold War, Middle East, Pakistan-linked, climate/law/arms) — placed after Section 2. No new facts; it plots Section 2/10 dates only.
- LADDER DIAGRAM — European integration: Rome → Maastricht → Nice → Lisbon, with signed/in-force years paired under each rung — placed after Section 3.
- MAP STRIP — The Indus rivers + the Middle East settlements: two small maps — (a) the six Indus rivers coloured west (Pakistan) / east (India); (b) Egypt–Israel–Jordan–Palestine with Camp David, Oslo and Wadi Araba markers — placed after Sections 5 and 7 respectively. No new geographic facts; both plot chapter facts only.
- HOST TABLE CARD — Summits 2023–2025: a drill card rendering Section 9’s host table as flip cards (summit → host) — placed after Section 9.
- TIMELINE CARD — The 2025 summit year: the Section 9A table as a month-by-month timeline (Jan Davos → Nov Belém/Johannesburg), each stop showing host, edition and theme — placed in Section 9A as the chapter’s current-year anchor.
- TIMELINE CARD — The 2025 deals year: the Section 9B table as a month-by-month timeline (Jan Gaza → Oct Gaza + Istanbul), each stop showing date, parties and mediator/witness — placed in Section 9B beside the summit-year card, so the two 2025 tables read as one year.
- TIMELINE CARD — The 2025 agreements year: the Section 9C table as a month-by-month timeline (Jan medical → Nov Saudi defence), each stop showing name, date and one figure (US$250m, US$1.61bn, 50 years, 50 bcm, US$8.5bn, F-35) — placed in Section 9C beside the deals-year card, so the three 2025 tables read as one year.
16. Practice this topic
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Companion practice (PMS Screening 2026 CA mock, not counted in bankCount): the 99-item PMS GK Current Affairs mock (files/pms-papers/pms-2026-gk-current-affairs-mock-test.json) behind the NPT/CTBT Pakistan-status line; bankCount stays 223.
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Practice set: 223 verified past-paper questions in the PPSC + FPSC + CSS MPT + gk360 archive banks match this topic’s sub-topics by the tight scope in the count note (225 rows including duplicates across 96 distinct files) — the site serves them as this chapter’s practice set, with the IBES General Knowledge capsule questions behind them. Notes: current-affairs summit stems (17 CSS-set items in current-affairs topics, plus CA month-file summit items) are served from the Current Affairs month files, not here; Islamic-treaty stems (Hudaibiyah, Charter of Madina) are served from IS-05; the 15 unique Simla Deputation stems (18 rows) excluded from the count are served from PS-05, where they belong. All 223 in-scope stems carry text answers in the banks (zero letter-only stems in the count dump), so no options-unpreserved flag is needed for this set.
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Companion practice (retrospective, not counted in bankCount): the gk360 monthly CA bank’s 2025 summit items behind Section 9A (BRICS edition/theme, SCO edition/dates, G20 theme/host, NATO host, COP30 iteration/country, WGS theme/PM address, G7 host, APEC host, Doha trigger items across the Jan–Dec 2025 files) and the 2025 ceasefire rows behind Section 9B (January file Q11–Q12 Gaza in-effect date/15 months; July file Q68 Thailand–Cambodia mediator; August file Q164 Armenia–Azerbaijan broker; October file Q12 Pakistan–Taliban Istanbul talks, Q84 mediators, Q85 20-point plan, Q86 Sharm el-Sheikh signing — 8 tight rows; the scan’s other 8 matches are adjacent discussion items, not the deals themselves) and the 2025 agreement rows behind Section 9C (January file Q113 medical MoUs; February file Q51 SFD; July file Q18 BBNJ, Q52 Geelong, Q66 UAE waiver, Q72 Kensington; August file Q59 Power of Siberia 2; September file Q5 Iran–IAEA, Q67 Türkiye–US nuclear; October file Q41 US–Australia minerals; November file Q104 Saudi–US defence — 11 tight rows cited; the scan’s other agreement-pattern rows are ceasefires, summits, held or cross-linked items, not Section 9C rows) — the site serves them alongside the 223 topic questions; bankCount stays 223.
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