Pakistan Studies — Chapter 4

Khilafat to Allahabad 1919–1930

Why this chapter matters: this is the decade in which mass politics arrived in the subcontinent — and in which the Hindu–Muslim unity of 1916 broke down into the separate political road that ends at the Allahabad Address. Our verified banks hold 108 questions touching this topic’s events: the Khilafat Movement and the Ali Brothers, Non-Cooperation and its offshoots, the Simon Commission, the Nehru Report, Jinnah’s Fourteen Points and Iqbal’s Allahabad Address. Almost every question in this block is a date, a name, or a “who said / who founded” question — the kind this chapter is built to answer cold.

Exam Trend — fact tables (Section 19, added 2026-10-31): 🔁 Most Repeated — Nehru Report / Motilal Nehru (36 rows / 29 unique stems, 31 exam-paper files), script-counted over 601 bank files / 57,302 questions. ⭐ Must Know — the same family, still asked in 2024, 2025 and 2026 papers (12 recent rows). No 🆕 mark — the 1920–30 session table is long-standing exam material taught from the 2026 practice sets, and the session rows themselves (Azad 1923, Belgaum 1924, Kanpur 1925, Lahore 1929) carry no individual mark: outside the practice sets their bank footprint is thin (Lahore 1929: 8 rows / 3 exam files; Belgaum/Champaran: practice-set rows only).

1. The opener: Third Anglo-Afghan War & the Rawalpindi Treaty, 1919

• Third Anglo-Afghan War, 1919: the new ameer Amanullah moved towards the Durand Line; the British checked him and he sued for peace.
• Anglo-Afghan Treaty, 1919 — its second name is the Rawalpindi Treaty (asked by that second name).

2. The Khilafat Movement, 1919 — the Ali Brothers

Why the Khilafat mattered to Indian Muslims

• After the Rashidun caliphs came the Umayyads, then the Abbasids, and then the Ottomans — the caliph in Turkey was, for Muslims, what the Pope in Vatican City is for Christians: the symbolic head of the faith worldwide.
• Britain had promised that if it won the First World War, the Khilafat would not be abolished, the holy places would stay under Turkish protection, and Turkey’s borders would stay intact. The peace settlement broke that promise — and the betrayal launched the movement.

The movement itself

• Started by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar (asked). Started from Bombay; its first session was in Delhi (asked).
• The leaders: Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali — the Ali Brothers.
• Their mother, Bi Amma — Abadi Bano Begum (asked), became the movement’s most famous voice; her couplet ran: “Boli Amma Muhammad Ali ki, jaan beta Khilafat pe de do” — “Amma said to Muhammad Ali: give your life, my son, for the Khilafat.”
• Hijaz + Najd → the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 (asked) — the map of the holy places was redrawn even as the movement fought for them.

Sèvres, the Khilafat Delegation, and Lausanne

• Treaty of Sèvres, 1920 (asked — the year is the question): Britain and the European states carved up Turkey. Under it, Turkey’s government would run with the Allies’ support; the Allies could occupy Turkey’s Asian territories; Armenia was to become a separate state (placed under the US); Syria → France; Jordan + Iraq → Britain; Tripoli → Italy; Anatolia → Greece.
• The Ali Brothers went to Britain as the Khilafat Delegation and demanded Sèvres be scrapped, threatening civil disobedience if it was not — both brothers were arrested.
• British Prime Minister during the Khilafat Movement: Lloyd George (asked — the full question appears in PPSC papers).
• After the arrests, M. K. Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) took over leading the movement.

The Silk Letter Movement, 1913–1920

• Running alongside the Khilafat agitation: the Reshmi Rumal (Silk Letter) Movement, 1913–1920.
• Founder: Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi (asked). He sat in Afghanistan; Maulvi Mahmud-ul-Hasan sat in Hijaz.
• They wrote their messages on a silken handkerchief; the British caught the handkerchief and the plan failed (asked: when — 1913–1920; who — Ubaidullah Sindhi).

Sykes-Picot, Lausanne, and the end of the Khilafat

• Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916 (asked — often asked, and students often miss it): Britain + France, during the First World War, pre-divided the Arab and Turkish lands between themselves.
• Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 (asked): Kemal Ataturk rejected Sèvres — he occupied Armenia, defeated the Greeks at Inonu, and settled diplomatically with Italy. Turkey was accepted as a modern secular state; it gave up its Arab claims and the war debt was divided among the attached states.
• 1924: the Khilafat was abolished — by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, called Ataturk, “Father of the Turks” (asked).
• Last caliph: Abdul Majid II (asked — PPSC).
• Turkey became a secular state; the new capital was Ankara (asked). The irony papers love: the Turks themselves ended the institution Indian Muslims had spent five years struggling to save.

3. Non-Cooperation, 1920 — and Jinnah’s break with Congress

• 1920: Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement (asked).
• Jinnah was then a member of both parties — Congress (joined 1906, at Gokhale’s suggestion) and the Muslim League (joined 1913, at Jauhar’s suggestion). He resigned from the Congress (asked): Congress, he argued, was becoming only the Hindus’ party, and he opposed the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• People began calling him “Kafir-e-Azam”; the movement made Gandhi famous across India.

4. The Hijrat Movement, 1920

• The ulema — Abul Kalam Azad (whom Jinnah called the “Show Boy of Congress” — asked), Abdul Majid Sindhi and Abdul Bari — gave a fatwa: India is Dar-ul-Harb (land of war), so Muslims must migrate to Dar-ul-Aman (Afghanistan) (asked).
• Muslims sold all their property dirt-cheap and left; Afghanistan let in the first few, then closed its doors.
• Only then did many Muslims realise Jinnah had been right — the same man they had called “Kafir-e-Azam”.

5. The Moplah Mutiny, 1921

• Moplahs = the Muslims of Kerala (descendants of the Arab traders near Calicut) (asked).
• Section 144 was imposed; their religious leaders were harassed; their telegrams to the Viceroy were refused.
• They revolted: about six months of guerrilla war — railway tracks uprooted, communications and government buildings damaged.
• The British martyred about 8,000 Moplahs (asked); the famous episode: locked inside a goods-train bogie, most died of suffocation.

6. Chauri Chaura, 1922 — the movement ends

• Chauri Chaura is a village’s name (not anything to do with thefts) (asked).
• 5 February 1922: 21 constables + 1 inspector = 22 policemen burned alive in the police station (asked).
• It was Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement — and Gandhi took the blame on himself (“I believe in ahimsa”, non-violence) and ended the Khilafat Movement without consulting the Muslims (asked). Muslims slowly understood why Jinnah had opposed the movement from the start.

7. The 1923 cluster

Four things, all asked, all in one year — learn them as a set:

• Payam-e-Mashriq — Iqbal, 1923 (asked).
• Liaquat Ali Khan joined the Muslim League, 1923 (asked).
• Unionist Party founded 1923 — by Sikandar Hayat (asked; Chhotu Ram was also a founding member).
• Two Hindu movements, 1923 (asked): Shuddhi (purify the subcontinent of non-Hindus; convert them) and Sangathan (built on the claim that “220 million Hindus cannot be slaves of 70 million Muslims”).

8. Delhi Muslim Proposals, 1927

• Lord Irwin: Viceroy 1926–1931 (asked).
• Delhi Muslim Proposals, 1927 (asked): Congress asked Jinnah to give up the separate electorate and adopt the joint electorate — and Jinnah agreed, in return for his points. The proposals, drawn up by Muslim leaders meeting at Delhi under Jinnah’s presidency, were:
  1. Sindh separated from Bombay and made a province in its own right;
  2. Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as the other provinces;
  3. Joint electorates accepted by Muslims, with reciprocal concessions for Hindu minorities in Muslim-majority provinces;
  4. Punjab and Bengal: seats reserved for Muslims in proportion to their population;
  5. One-third representation for Muslims in the Central Legislature.
• The proposals were a genuine offer of Hindu–Muslim settlement — and their fate (see Section 10) is what pushed Jinnah to the Fourteen Points.

9. The Simon Commission, 1927–1930

• Simon Commission (asked): announced 1927, reached the subcontinent 1928; 7 members, all white — no Indian (the “Gora Commission”); Clement Attlee was a member (later British Prime Minister); the slogan was “Go Back Simon” (asked).
• Bhagat Singh (a disciple of Lala Lajpat Rai) welcomed it with eggs and tomatoes; the lathi charge badly injured Lala Lajpat Rai, who died of his injuries (asked). Gulab Devi Hospital, Lahore (asked — BPSC) is named after his mother, built by him.
• Bhagat Singh (from Faisalabad) later killed an Englishman and bombed the Assembly, courting arrest — hanged in 1931 in Lahore Jail (asked). Contrast, asked alongside it: Ghazi Ilm-ud-Din Shaheed was hanged in Mianwali Jail (asked).
• Simon Commission report: published 1930 (asked).
• The Muslim League had split: the Kolkata side (Jinnah + Ali Brothers) versus the Lahore side = the Shafi League (Sir Shafi + Iqbal). The Shafi League + Unionist Party accepted Simon; Congress rejected it.
• Lord Birkenhead (Secretary of State; mocked as “Broken Head”) challenged the Indians: “Bring your own constitutional scheme.” That challenge produced the Nehru Report.

10. Nehru Report, 1928 — versus Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, 1929

The Nehru Report, 1928

• All-Parties Conference, 1928 (asked). Nehru Report, 1928 — given by Motilal Nehru (asked — NOT Jawaharlal; his secretary was his son Jawaharlal Nehru).
• 11 members, 2 Muslims: Shoaib Qureshi and Syed Ali Imam (asked; one was ill, the other rejected it).
• Its points (asked):
  1. Dominion status;
  2. Federal system;
  3. Residual powers with the CENTRE (not the provinces — Jinnah’s objection: Muslims would never be a majority at the centre);
  4. Muslims get 1/4 representation (Jinnah demanded 1/3);
  5. Punjab + Bengal: no population-proportional seats;
  6. Constitutional reforms only in NWFP; Balochistan ignored.
• Jinnah’s three amendments (asked): 1/3 (not 1/4); population-proportional seats in Punjab and Bengal for 10 years only; residual powers with the provinces. All rejected.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, 1929

• 1929: Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (asked). Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar helped him draft them (asked).
• The headline points: a federal constitution with residual powers vested in the provinces; provincial autonomy; adequate representation of minorities in every legislature; Muslim representation in the Central Legislature not less than one-third; separate electorates to continue until Muslim rights were safeguarded in the constitution; no territorial redistribution affecting the Muslim majorities of Punjab, Bengal and NWFP; full religious liberty; Sindh separated from the Bombay Presidency (the famous point — asked); reforms in NWFP and Balochistan as in other provinces; an adequate Muslim share in all services; and safeguards for Muslim culture.
• “Besides Jinnah, who else gave 14 points?” — Inayatullah Mashriqi (asked).
• 1929 movements (asked): Khudai Khidmatgar — Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the “Frontier Gandhi” (asked, repeatedly); Tehreek-e-Ahrar — Ataullah Shah Bukhari (asked; his mazar is in Multan; his biography was written by Shorish Kashmiri). Both movements were anti-partition but pro-freedom.

11. 1930: Salt March, Civil Disobedience — and the road to Allahabad

• First Round Table Conference, 1930 — in London (asked; Jinnah had advised the Viceroy to call everyone together). Congress did not come — it was busy with the Salt March (Dandi March) (asked). The conferences themselves continue in the next chapter.
• The British salt tax weighed heavily on the poorest, salt being a basic need like air, water, bread and cloth — so Indians went and extracted salt themselves. Dandi is a place (not Gandhi’s stick) where salt was extracted (asked).
• Gandhi’s foot march: it started small and reached 500 people by Dandi (“the white river” — white clothes).
• Then he launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930 (asked): quit jobs, lawyers leave courts, employees resign, do not pay taxes.
• The lecturer’s trick to keep the two movements straight: alphabetically C (Civil Disobedience) comes before N (Non-Cooperation), so Civil Disobedience is the later one — 1930; Non-Cooperation = 1920 (asked).

12. The Allahabad Address, 1930 — Iqbal’s presidential address

• 29 December 1930 (asked — full date), at the 25th annual session of the All-India Muslim League, Allahabad (asked).
• Iqbal’s words (asked): “I would like to see Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh amalgamated into a single state — self-governing within the British Empire or without the British Empire.”
• Why it closes this chapter: after a decade in which Muslims had tried joint electorates (1927), watched the Nehru Report cut their safeguards (1928), and answered with the Fourteen Points (1929), Iqbal gave the idea its geographic shape — one consolidated Muslim state in the north-west. The Lahore Resolution of 1940, in the next chapter, turns that shape into a demand.

13. Master timeline: 1919–1930

14. Rapid-fire one-liners

• Rawalpindi Treaty: 1919 Anglo-Afghan Treaty = Rawalpindi Treaty; third war 1919 (Amanullah).
• Khilafat Movement 1919: Jauhar; from Bombay, first session Delhi; Ali Brothers; mother Bi Amma (Abadi Bano Begum).
• KSA 1932 (Hijaz + Najd → Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).
• Treaty of Sèvres 1920: Syria→France, Jordan+Iraq→Britain, Tripoli→Italy, Anatolia→Greece, Armenia→US.
• Khilafat Delegation to Britain; PM = Lloyd George; brothers arrested → Gandhi led.
• Reshmi Rumal (Silk Letter) 1913–1920 — Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi (+ Mahmud-ul-Hasan in Hijaz).
• Non-Cooperation 1920 (Gandhi); Jinnah resigned from Congress; “Kafir-e-Azam”.
• Hijrat Movement 1920: Dar-ul-Harb → Dar-ul-Aman (Afghanistan) fatwa; Azad = “Show Boy of Congress” (Jinnah).
• Moplah Mutiny 1921 (Kerala/Calicut): Section 144; ~8,000 martyred; train-bogie suffocation.
• Chauri Chaura: 5 Feb 1922 — 22 policemen burned; Gandhi ended the Khilafat Movement alone.
• 1923: Payam-e-Mashriq (Iqbal); Liaquat Ali Khan → League; Unionist Party (Sikandar Hayat); Shuddhi + Sangathan.
• Sykes-Picot 1916 (UK + France); Treaty of Lausanne 1923 (Ataturk rejected Sèvres; Inonu).
• Khilafat abolished 1924 — Ataturk; last caliph Abdul Majid II; Turkey secular; capital Ankara.
• Lord Irwin 1926–1931; Delhi Muslim Proposals 1927 (Jinnah gave up separate electorate for joint).
• Simon Commission: announced 1927, arrived 1928; 7 members, all white; Attlee; “Go Back Simon”; report 1930.
• Lala Lajpat Rai died of the lathi charge; Gulab Devi Hospital Lahore; Bhagat Singh hanged 1931, Lahore Jail; Ilm-ud-Din — Mianwali Jail.
• Nehru Report 1928 — Motilal Nehru (secretary Jawaharlal); 11 members, 2 Muslims (Shoaib Qureshi, Syed Ali Imam); 1/4 for Muslims; residual powers with the centre.
• Jinnah’s 3 amendments: 1/3, Punjab/Bengal seats for 10 years, residual with provinces — rejected.
• 14 Points 1929 — Jinnah (helped by Jauhar); other 14 points — Inayatullah Mashriqi; Sindh from Bombay.
• 1929: Khudai Khidmatgar (Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Frontier Gandhi); Tehreek-e-Ahrar (Ataullah Shah Bukhari).
• First RTC 1930 — London; Congress absent (Salt/Dandi March).
• Salt March 1930: Dandi = a place; 500 people; then Civil Disobedience 1930.
• Trick: C before N → Civil Disobedience (1930) is later than Non-Cooperation (1920).
• Allahabad Address: 29 Dec 1930, 25th AIML session; “Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh … into a single state.”
• Congress sessions 1920–30 (Section 19): Azad 1923 (youngest) → Gandhi Belgaum 1924 → Naidu Kanpur 1925 → Motilal Calcutta 1928 → Nehru Lahore 1929 (Purna Swaraj).

15. Most-asked facts (from our verified past-paper banks)

• Khilafat: Jauhar, Bombay/Delhi, the Ali Brothers, Bi Amma — the founder-and-family cluster is asked as a set (20 Khilafat matches in the banks, the largest single block of this topic).
• Simon Commission: 7 members, all white, “Go Back Simon”, Attlee — with the Lajpat Rai lathi-charge death riding alongside (14 Simon matches).
• Non-Cooperation 1920 → Jinnah’s Congress resignation — the cause-and-effect pair, and the “Kafir-e-Azam” label.
• Nehru Report 1928 (Motilal, not Jawaharlal; 1/4, centre) vs the Fourteen Points 1929 (1/3, provinces, Sindh) — the contrast is the favourite long question of this block.
• Allahabad Address: 29 December 1930, 25th session, the four provinces as one state — Iqbal’s sentence is quoted back in the question stem itself.

16. Traps & confusions

• Motilal vs Jawaharlal Nehru: the Nehru Report is Motilal’s; Jawaharlal was only his secretary. Papers offer the son’s name first.
• 1/4 vs 1/3: the Nehru Report offered Muslims 1/4 representation; Jinnah demanded 1/3 — in the Delhi Proposals, in his three amendments, and in the Fourteen Points. Same fraction, three appearances.
• Demanded vs granted, again: separate electorate was demanded in 1906 and granted in 1909; in 1927 Jinnah offered to give it up for joint electorates. Do not let 1927 read as a demand for separate electorates.
• Sèvres 1920 vs Lausanne 1923: Sèvres carved Turkey up; Lausanne, under Ataturk, rejected Sèvres. Papers swap the treaties and the years.
• Khilafat abolished by whom: not by Britain — by Ataturk himself, in 1924. The movement’s enemy at the end was the Turkish republic, not London.
• Chauri Chaura vs theft: the name is a village; the event is the burning of 22 policemen, 5 February 1922. Nothing was stolen.
• Non-Cooperation 1920 vs Civil Disobedience 1930: the lecturer’s C-before-N trick — Civil Disobedience is the later movement, a full decade after Non-Cooperation.
• Bhagat Singh vs Ilm-ud-Din: Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore Jail (1931); Ghazi Ilm-ud-Din in Mianwali Jail. Papers cross the jails.
• Dandi is a place, not a stick: the Salt March’s destination is a coastal village where salt was made — the question tests exactly that confusion.
• Simon announced 1927 vs arrived 1928 vs report 1930: three dates, one commission. The arrival year (1928) is the one most often asked.
• Azad’s two presidencies: 1923 (youngest, age 35) and 1940–46 (Quit India era) — papers that ask “president during Quit India” want the second, papers that ask “youngest president” want the first. Same man, two different questions.
• Besant vs Naidu, first woman vs first Indian woman: Besant, Calcutta 1917 was the first woman president; Naidu, Kanpur 1925 was the first Indian woman president. Papers drop the word “Indian” deliberately.
• Nehru the father vs Nehru the son, again: the 1928 report is Motilal’s and the 1929 Lahore presidency is Jawaharlal’s — and Jawaharlal was Motilal’s secretary on the report. Three Nehru facts, two men.

17. Memory tricks

• Bombay start, Delhi session: the Khilafat Movement began in Bombay but held its first session in Delhi — start-city and session-city are different, and papers ask both.
• Bi Amma’s bargain: a mother urging her son to give his life for the Khilafat is the whole movement in one image — Bi Amma = the Ali Brothers’ mother, and her name is Abadi Bano Begum.
• 7 white men, 1 slogan: the Simon Commission is 7 members, all white — and the whole subcontinent answered with two words: “Go Back Simon.”
• C before N: Civil Disobedience (1930) comes after Non-Cooperation (1920) — the alphabet orders them for you.
• The 27–28–29 staircase: Delhi Proposals (1927) → Nehru Report (1928) → Fourteen Points (1929) — three years, three documents, each answering the last. Climb it in order and the constitutional argument of the decade is fixed.
• 29 December, four provinces, one state: Iqbal’s Allahabad sentence compresses to 29–12–30 and Punjab + NWFP + Balochistan + Sindh = one state — the date and the map in a single line.

18. Visuals (site build specs)

• MAP — The Khilafat world, 1919–1924: Ottoman Turkey with the Sèvres carve-up (Syria→France, Iraq/Jordan→Britain, Tripoli→Italy, Anatolia→Greece) overlaid against the Lausanne settlement, plus the Hijaz–Najd → Saudi Arabia 1932 note — placed in Section 2.
• TIMELINE — 1919 → 1930: horizontal band from the Khilafat Movement (1919) through Sèvres (1920), Non-Cooperation and Hijrat (1920), Moplah (1921), Chauri Chaura (1922), Lausanne and abolition (1923–24), Delhi Proposals (1927), Simon and Nehru (1928), Fourteen Points (1929), to the Salt March and Allahabad (1930) — placed before Section 13 as the chapter’s orientation graphic.
• INFOGRAPHIC — Nehru Report vs Fourteen Points: two-column comparison (dominion status vs federal constitution; 1/4 vs 1/3; residual powers centre vs provinces; Punjab/Bengal seats denied vs population-proportional; Balochistan ignored vs NWFP/Balochistan reforms) with Jinnah’s three rejected amendments flagged — placed in Section 10.
• DIAGRAM — The Allahabad map: outline of the north-west showing Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh shaded as Iqbal’s single proposed state, with the 29 December 1930 session label — placed in Section 12.

19. Fact tables: Congress sessions and League landmarks, 1920–1930

The companion to Chapter 3, Section 14: the same session-and-president treatment for this chapter’s decade, from the same two Sir Adnan practice sets (47 + 49 items), cross-checked against the exam banks and standard Congress session lists. The Nehru Report row is a cross-reference, not a re-teach — Section 10 owns it.

League landmarks in this decade (cross-references, not re-teaches): Liaquat Ali Khan joined the League in 1923 (Section 7); Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, 1929 (Section 10); Allahabad Address, 29 December 1930, at the League’s 25th annual session (Section 12). The League’s 1930s landmarks — permanent presidency 1934, Quaid-e-Azam title 1938, Lahore Resolution 1940 — belong to Chapters 7–8.

20. Practice this topic

• Practice set: 108 verified past-paper questions in the PPSC + FPSC banks match this topic’s events by event-specific keyword (Khilafat, Ali Brothers, Non-Cooperation, Hijrat, Moplah, Chauri Chaura, Delhi Proposals, Simon Commission, Nehru Report, Fourteen Points, Allahabad Address, and the Sèvres/Lausanne/Salt March bridge events) — the site serves them as this chapter’s practice set, with the IBES Pakistan Studies capsule questions behind them.
• Companion practice for Section 19: the two Sir Adnan practice sets (47 + 49 items — CSS MPT pack) sit behind the session tables; their 96 items are practice material, not exam papers, and are not counted in the 108 above.
• Book mode: ← Previous: Political Awakening 1905–1919 · Next: Towards Pakistan 1930–1940 →

Goldmine Notes · Pakistan Studies · Chapter 4 · Sources: TBT Pak Affairs Lecture 10 (1919–1930) + Lecture 11 (Allahabad Address, 29 December 1930, 25th AIML session), IBES Capsule 6 Pakistan Studies (2,315-question bank behind the chapter), verified PPSC/FPSC past-paper banks (108 event-specific keyword matches across 20,440 scanned questions, counted by script, not estimated); Delhi Muslim Proposals points and the Fourteen Points headline points verified against standard references (Delhi Proposals / Jinnah’s Fourteen Points summaries). Section 19 added 2026-10-31 from the Sir Adnan practice sets (47 + 49 items) with bank counts from script hidden_files/goldmine-notes-count-ps-facttables.py over 601 files / 57,302 questions and standard Congress session lists (1919 Amritsar Motilal; 1923 Delhi Azad; 1924 Belgaum Gandhi; 1925 Kanpur Naidu; 1928 Calcutta Motilal; 1929 Lahore Nehru). Standard answers only.